Hazor

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Hazor (Hebrew: תל הצור, also Tell Hazor, Tel Haṣor) is the common English language name for a large archaeological site and city-mound in the Hulah Valley of northern Israel, some 14 km (8.5 miles) north of the northern shore of Lake Kinneret and 8 km (5 miles) south-west of the Huleh Lake. In Arabic sources the site is also known as Tell el-Qedaḥ (less commonly also as Tell Waqqas).

The largest known archaeological site in the modern state of Israel, Hazor is identified with the Iron Age city of the same name (known especially from Old Testament Biblical sources) and with the Middle and Late Bronze Age city of Ḫaṣura, a toponym and focus of an important city-state well-known from cuneiform Akkadian language written texts.

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Discovery and Identification

Tell el-Qedaḥ was first identified with the Biblical Hazor by J.L. Porter in 1875. Subsequently, John Garstang repeated the identification in 1926, before undertaking trial sondages at the site in 1928.

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Excavation

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Periodisation and Stratigraphy

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Late Bronze Age

The Late Bronze Age at Hazor witnessed the building of a monumental palace in the Upper City, representing an early phase within the development of the bit-hilani palace type.

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Iron I

After a (sizable?) gap in occupation between the end of the Canaanite city and resettlement, the ensuing early Iron Age I occupation at the site is characterised by meagre remains, consisting primarily of pits and sundry installations scattered over a wide area of the Upper City [Ben-Ami 2001:167-169]. These speak of a population that inhabited merely tents and temporary shelter, the material culture associated with this phase (including isolated shrines with standing stones [Ben-Ami 2006:123-128]) differing significantly from its LBA predecessor and suggesting the arrival of a new population at the site.

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Egyptian and Egyptianising Finds

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Cuneiform Finds

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Bibliography

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Excavation Reports

Excavation reports are listed in order of publication

  • Yadin, Yigal et alii [1958], Hazor I - The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the First Season of Excavations, 1955, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1958.
  • Yadin, Yigal et alii [1960], Hazor II - The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Second Season of Excavations, 1956, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1960.
  • Yadin, Yigal et alii [1961], Hazor III-IV - The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations, 1957-1958 - Plates, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1961.
  • Yadin, Yigal et alii [1961], Hazor III-IV - The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations, 1957-1958 - Text, Jerusalem: IES, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1989. ISBN 9652210080
  • Ben-Tor, Amnon (ed.) [1997], Hazor V - The James A. de Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavation, 1968, Jerusalem: IES, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997. ISBN 9652210331
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Survey and Excavation Bulletins

  • Ben-Tor, Amnon [2004], "Tel Hazor, 2004 (Notes and News - Excavations and Surveys), IEJ 54.2 (2004), pp.230-235.
    • [2005], "Tel Hazor, 2005 (Notes and News - Excavations and Surveys), IEJ 55.2 (2005), pp.209-216.
  • Stepansky, Yosef and Barda, Leticia [2006], "Tel Hazor, Survey of the By-Pass Road", HA-ESI 118 (2006]. html
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Derivative Studies

  • Allen, James A. [2001], “A Hieroglyphic Fragment from Hazor”, BES 15 (2001), pp.13-15.
  • Arnaud, D. [1998], "Hazor à la fin de l'âge du Bronze d'après un document méconnu: RS 20.225", Aula Orientalis 16 (1998), pp.27-35.
  • Ben-Ami, Doron [2001], "The Iron I at Tel Hazor in Light of the Renewed Excavations", IEJ 51 (2001), pp.148-170.
    • [2007], "Early Iron Age Cult Places—New Evidence from Tell Hazor", TA 33.2 (2006), pp.121-133.
  • Ben-Tor, Amnon [1998], “The Fall of Canaanite Hazor - the ‘Who’ and ‘When’ Questions”, in Gitin, S., Mazar, A. & Stern, E. (eds), Mediterranean Peoples in Transition - Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE - In Honor of Trude Dothan, Jerusalem: IES, 1998, pp.456-467.
    • [2002], "Hazor—A City State between the Major Powers: A Rejoinder", SJOT 16 (2002), pp.303-308.
    • [2006], “The Sad Fate of Statues and the Mutilated Statues of Hazor”, in Gitin, S., Wright, J.E. and Dessel, J.P. (eds), Confronting the Past—Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006, pp.3-16. ISBN 1575061171
    • [2008], "The 'White Building' is a Temple: Response to Bonfil and Zarzecki-Peleg", IEJ 58.1 (2008), pp.94-99.
  • Ben-Tor, A. and Ben-Ami, David [1998], “Hazor and the Archaeology of the Tenth-Century BCE”, IEJ 48.1-2 (1998), pp.1-37.
  • Ben-Tor, A. and Zuckerman, Sharon [2008], "Hazor at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Back to Basics", BASOR 350 (2008), pp.1-6.
  • Bienkowski, Piotr [1987], “The Role of Hazor in the Late Bronze Age”, PEQ 119 (1987), pp.50-61.
  • Bonfil, Ruhama and Zarzecki-Peleg, Anabel [2007], "The Palace in the Upper City of Hazor as an Expression of a Syrian Architectural Paradigm", BASOR 348 (2007), pp.25-47.
  • Dothan, Truse, Zuckerman, Sharon and Goren, Yuval[2000], "Kamares Ware at Hazor", IEJ 50 (2000), pp.1-15.
  • Durand, J.M. [2006], "Ḥasor à l'époque d'Ugarit", NABU 3 (2006), p.74.
  • Finkelstein, Israel [2000], "Hazor XII-XI with an Addendum on Ben-Tor's Dating of Hazor X-VII", TA 27 (2000), pp.248-256.
    • [2005], “Hazor at the End of the Late Bronze Age. A Reassessment”, UF 37 (2005), pp.341-349.
  • Goren, Yuval [2000], “Provenance Study of the Cuneiform Texts from Hazor”, IEJ 50 (2000), pp.29-42.
  • Kitchen, Kenneth A. [2002], "Hazor and Egypt: An Egyptological and Ancient Near Eastern Perspective", SJOT 16 (2002), pp.309-313.
    • [2003], “An Egyptian Inscribed Fragment from Late Bronze Age Hazor”, IEJ 53 (2003), pp.20-28.
  • Maeir, Aren M., "The Political and Economic Status of MB II Hazor and MB II Trade: An Inter- and Intra-Regional View", PEQ 132.1 (2000), pp.37-58.
  • Malamat, Abraham [2006], “Trade Relations between Mari and Hazor (State of Research, 2002)”, in Gitin, S., Wright, J.E. and Dessel, J.P. (eds), Confronting the Past—Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006, pp.351-355. ISBN 1575061171
  • Schäfer-Lichtenberger, C. [2001], “Hazor – A City State between the Major Powers”, SJOT 15.1 (2001), pp.104-122.
  • Ussishkin, David [1992], "Notes on the Middle Bronze Age Fortifications at Hazor", TA 19 (1992), pp.274-281.
  • Yadin, Yigael [1972], Hazor, the Head of All Those Kingdoms, [Schweich Lectures], London: Oxford University, 1972.
    • [1975], Hazor, the Rediscovery of a Great Citadel of the Bible, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975. ISBN 029776845X
  • Zuckerman, Sharon [2003], The Kingdom of Hazor in the Late Bronze Age, PhD dissertation, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 2003.
    • [2006], "Where is the Archive of Hazor Buried?", BAR 32 (2006), pp.28-37.
    • [2007a], "'Slaying Oxen and Killing Sheep, Eating Flesh and Drinking Wine...': Feasting in Late Bronze Age Hazor", PEQ 139.3 (2007), pp.186-204.
    • [2007b], "Anatomy of a Destruction: Crisis Architecture, Termination Rituals and the Fall of Canaanite Hazor", JMA 20.1 (2007), pp.3-32.
    • [2008], "Fit for a (not-quite-so-great) King: A Faience Lion-Headed Cup from Hazor", Levant 40.1 (2008), pp.115-125.
    • (in press), "Dating the Destruction of Canaanite Hazor without Mycenaean Pottery?", in Bietak, M. (ed.), Proceedings of the Second SCIEM 2000 Congress, Vienna', 2003.
    • (forthcoming), "A 'Royal Portal' at Hazor: Towards a New Interpretation of Hazor’s Acropolis during the Late Bronze Age", Proceedings of the 3ICAANE Conference, Paris
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External links

  • Open Context - Hazor: Zooarchaeology - Open Context database and zooarchaeological observations for Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Hazor, constructed by zooarchaeologist Justin Lev-Tov
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