Thutmose III
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Thutmose III was the fifth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty in the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt.
Contents |
Parentage
Thutmose III was the son of Thutmose II and a secondary wife Iset.
Names, Titles and Epithets
Horus name: Kanakht Khaemwaset
Nebty name: Wahnesyt
Golden Horus name: Djeserkhau Sekhempehti
Prenomen: Menkheperre
Nomen: Ḏḥwty-ms Thutmose
Thutmose III is frequently referred to in Western scholarship by the Greek (Manethonian) version of his name, Tuthmosis.
The American Egyptologist Breasted famously referred to Thutmose III as "the Napoleon of Egypt", in reference to his many campaigns and conquests.
Administration
A number of men served as vizier to Thutmose III during his sole reign, perhaps the best known of whom was Rekhmire whose duties as Vizier of Upper Egypt are well-documented in his Theban Tomb 100.
Foreign Policy and Conquests
Thutmose III is probably best known as the conquerer of a permanent Egyptian empire in the Levant, a legacy that would endure for over 3 centuries. Thutmose led an Egyptian force into the southern Levant in his Year 22, confronting a Mittani-inspired and supported coalition of Canaanite cities, led by Qadesh and Megiddo, in the Jezreel Valley. With the ensuing Battle of Megiddo, the enemy coalition collapsed and Thutmose was able to begin the foundation of a permanent Egyptian presence in the region. The topographical list associated with this campaign outlines the cities and regions subdued or brought under strong Egyptian overlordship and influence. Continued expansion of Egypt's sphere was achieved by a series of almost annual campaigns by Thutmose into Phoenicia, the Syrian coast, central and northern Syria.
Wives and Offspring
Thutmose III was probably married early to one Satiah, a commoner who first appears as his wife early in his third decade, soon after the death of Hatshepsut. Satiah apparently bore the king a prince, Amenehmet, who—despite his propitiously royal and dynastically-significant Twelfth Dynasty name—did not live to survive his father.
Death and Burial
Much thought and effort was applied during Thutmose III's long reign to matters pertaining to his mortuary cult and place in the afterlife.
The Mortuary Temple of Thutmose III appears to have been started early in the co-rule with Hatshepsut, no doubt insuring against an unexpectedly early death for the young king. This large and originally rather impressive temple—poorly-preserved but well excavated and reconstructed in plan by Herbert Ricke—was located in the flood plain. Originally encompassing an area of 9,450 square metres, the temple was later expanded by Thutmose III during his sole rule to include a court and a large pylon in front of the original foundation.
The tomb of Thutmose III in the Valley of the Kings, KV 34, appears only to have been started once Thutmose's co-rulership with Hatshepsut ended with her death in his Year 21—this was relatively late, considering the earlier foundation of the pharaoh's mortuary complex.
Legacy
On account of his various achievements, the very name of Thutmose III seems to have acquired an amuletic power, expressed most clearly in the numerous name-scarabs produced from his reign until well into the Roman period in Egypt.
Bibliography
- Aston, David A. [2006], “Making a Splash—Ceramic Decoration in the Reigns of Thutmosis III and Amenophis II”, in Czerny, E., Hein, I., Hunger, H., Melman, D. and Schwab, A. (eds), Timelines - Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, [Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149], Leuven: Peeters, Volume I, 2006, pp.65-74. ISBN 904291730X
- Beaux, Nathalie [1990], Le cabinet de curiosités de Thoutmosis III: plantes et animaux du 'Jardin botanique' de Karnak, [Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 36], Leuven: Peeters, 1990. ISBN 9068312685
- Bryan, Betsy M. [2006], "Administration in the Reign of Thutmose III", chapter 3 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.69-122. ISBN 0472114670
- Cline, Eric H. and O'Connor, David [2006], Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006. ISBN 0472114670
- Dorman, Peter F. [2006], "The Early Reign of Thutmose III: An Unorthodox Mantle of Coregency", chapter 2 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.39-68.
- Goedicke, Hans [2000], The Battle of Megiddo, Baltimore: Halgo, 2000. ISBN 1892840014
- Jaeger, Bertrand [1982], Essai de classification et datation des scarabées Menkhéperrê, [OBO Series Archaeologica 2], Fribourg, Suisse: Éditions Universitaires, 1982. ISBN 282710220X
- Kozloff, Arielle P. [2006], "The Artistic Production of the Reign of Thutmose III", chapter 8 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.292-324. ISBN 0472114670
- Laboury, Dimitri [1998], La statuaire de Thoutmosis III, [Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 5], Liege, 1998.
- [2006], "Royal Portrait and Ideology: Evolution and Signification of the Statuary of Thutmose III", chapter 7 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.260-291.
- Laskowski, Piotr [2006], "Monumental Architecture and the Royal Building Program of Thutmose III", chapter 5 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.183-237.
- Lilyquist, Christine [2003], The Tomb of Three Foreign Wives of Tuthmosis III (with contributions by James E. Hoch and A.J. Peden, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art / Yale University Press, 2003. ISBN 1588390462, ISBN 030010121X (Yale University Press)
- Lipinska, Jadwiga [1977], The Temple of Tuthmosis III - Architecture, [Deir el-Bahari 2], Warszawa / Varsovie: PWN-Editions scientifiques de Pologne, 1977.
- [1984], The Temple of Tuthmosis III: Statuary and Votive Monuments, [Deir el-Bahari], Warszawa / Varsovie: PWN-Éditions scientifiques de Pologne, 1984.
- Manuelian, Peter der [2006], "The End of the Reign and the Accession of Amenhotep II", chapter 12 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.413-430. ISBN 0472114670
- O'Connor, David [2006], “An Enigmatic Pharaoh”, chapter 1 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.1-38. ISBN 0472114670
- Panagiotopoulos, Diamantis [2006], "Foreigners in Egypt in the Time of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III", chapter 11 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.370-412. ISBN 0472114670
- Pécoil, J.-F. [2000], L'Akh-menou de Thoutmosis III à Karnak: La Heret-ib et les chapelles attenantes. Relevés épigraphiques, Centre Franco-Égyptien d'Étude des Temples de Karnak, Paris, 2000.
- Redford, Donald B. [1965], "The Coregency of Tuthmosis III and Amenophis II", JEA 51 (1965), pp.107-122.
- [2003], The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III, [Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 16], Leiden: Brill, 2003. ISBN 9004129898
- [2006], "The Northern Wars of Thutmose III", chapter 9 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.325-343. ISBN 0472114670
- Ricke, Herbert [1939], Der Totentempel Thutmoses' III: baugeschichtliche Untersuchung, [Beiträge zur ägyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde, Heft 3], Kairo: Schweizerisches Institut für ägyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde in Kairo, 1939.
- Roehrig, Catharine H. [2006], "The Building Activities of Thutmose III in the Valley of the Kings", chapter 6 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.238-259. ISBN 0472114670
- Sowada, Karin N. [1994a], "A Relief Fragment from the Temple of Tuthmosis III at Deir el-Bahari in the Nicholson Museum", Mediterranean Archaeology 7 (1994), pp.175-183, pls.28-29.
- Spalinger, Anthony J. [1996], "The Festival Structure of Thutmose III's Buto Stele", JARCE 33 (1996), pp.69-76.
- [2006], "Covetous Eyes South: The Background to Egypt's Domination of Nubia by the Reign of Thutmose III", chapter 10 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.344-369.
- Troy, Lana [2006], "Religion and Cult during the Time of Thutmose III", chapter 4 in Cline, E.H. and O'Connor (eds), Thutmose III: A New Biography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006, pp.123-182. ISBN 0472114670
